Recommendation area ▸

Culture of Policing

The Problem ▸

Law enforcement organizations' formal and informal cultures shape strategy choices, agency values and priorities, hiring and training decisions, and, ultimately, officer behavior and attitudes. Negative or toxic cultures can enhance and entrench biases that lead to disparate responses and fail to support the needs of officers and staff working within the agencies who deserve a positive and healthy work environment.

In many ways, policing culture reflects aspects of societal culture. Despite progress, racial biases and stereotypes continue influencing professional cultures, including policing. When these biases combine with policing approaches designed to increase enforcement and suppression rather than solving the underlying problems, they can lead to problematic responses and greater disparities.

In addition, the difficulties of a career in law enforcement take a toll on officers and their families. These same cultural problems can orient agencies away from providing a more supportive environment for wellness and make it more challenging for individual officers and staff to seek support when needed.

Communities and agencies can take action to mitigate these factors and the outcomes they can produce. There are exceptions to these harmful cultural traits, and many officers and agency leaders are working diligently to create change, but more must be done.

What We Know ▸

Council Recommendations ▸

Recommendation 17

Assess Organizational Culture and Include Community Perspective

The organizational and operational culture of law enforcement agencies must be assessed, and community perspectives should be incorporated, redefining what the culture should be for their community. This should be done through a structured review of agency goals, data and outcomes, officer and leadership perspectives, and organizational climate.

Recommendation 18

Promote a Culture of Community Safety and Service

Law enforcement agencies should move away from an aggressive, control-oriented model of policing and towards a culture of community safety and service. This will require a review of community needs and the goals, policies, strategies, and performance metrics within each agency to ensure alignment with a safety and service model.

Recommendation 19

Training and Certification Standards Should Support a Culture of Safety and Service

State training and certification requirements for new and current officers (including in-service training and continuing education) should be re-examined to ensure an emphasis on community safety and a spirit of service.

Recommendation 20

Conduct Research on Police Culture and Strategies to Change Culture

Research must be conducted on police culture, how it influences operations and outcomes, and how it can be changed. This research should identify all the elements of police culture and determine how to prioritize their implementation.

Recommendation 21

Research the Role of Implicit and Explicit Bias in Decision-Making

Research regarding implicit and explicit biases that exist in policing should (1) measure officer and leadership biases, (2) understand the role it plays in decision-making, and (3) determine how to mitigate its influence on policing outcomes, including police legitimacy.

Recommendation 22

Improve Legitimacy Through Procedural Justice

Improve police legitimacy within communities by implementing procedural justice training and other practices emphasizing fairness and respectfulness principles.

Recommendation 23

Expand Tuition Reimbursement Programs

College education has been shown to reduce use of force, expanding college reimbursement programs to help hire the best officers and further their educational and promotional advancement.

Recommendation 24

Promote a Culture of Wellness for Officers

Comprehensive policies and practices should be adopted to promote a culture of officer wellness, including mandatory mental health days and non-punitive assessments. Assessments should promote officers’ physical, mental, and emotional health and wellness, which is an essential component of fair and equitable policing.

Recommendation 25

Create a Culture of Active Bystandership

A culture that encourages early intervention and active bystandership and protects them against retaliation must be created. This will require strong anti-retaliation practices beyond the current legal minimum duty to intervene rules, regulations and laws, and include specific training on active bystandership that both improve police-community relations and ensures the health and safety of officers.

Recommendation 26

Support Officer Families

Police officers and their families must be supported by policies that meet inherent policing challenges, such as shift work and risks, and help establish and maintain healthy family relationships.

Further Research ▸

Explore Outcomes Associated with Guardian and Warrior Mindsets.

Examine whether the salience of either guardian or warrior mindset explains individual policing behaviors and outcomes.

Determine How to Change Cultures.

Develop an understanding of police cultures, how to influence changes in culture, and the impacts of various cultures and cultural elements on police operations and outcomes.

Develop and Evaluate Strategies to Reduce Racial Biases.

Find effective tools or mechanisms to identify and reduce racial and other biases. Research on addressing implicit bias is extremely limited, and despite best efforts to study this topic, it is unclear (1) if implicit bias matters, or to what extent, in producing racially disproportionate outcomes, and (2) what can be done to address these biases and reduce their impact on policing outcomes.

Disentangle the Impact of Individual Versus Subcultures.

Although scholars have argued that police subcultures fuel racialized outcomes irrespective of individual officer prejudices or proclivities, there is limited empirical evidence regarding the type of subcultures that influence outcomes.

Identify the Cultural Elements that Produce Racial Disparities in Policing Outcomes.

Identify the specific elements of police organizational cultures and subcultures that generate and enable the racial disparities found in policing outcomes.

Understand the Impact of the Warrior Mindset and Survivability Discourse.

The warrior mindset emphasizes surviving at all costs in the face of frequent and ongoing life-threatening struggles.[71] Insufficient research exists to understand if the “survivability discourse” in policing has had, or does have, a positive effect on officer safety or if such discourse could be moderated without sacrificing safety.

Examine the Impact of Stress, Trauma, and Racial Disparities.

Little is known about the link between the stress and trauma to which law enforcement officers are exposed, their performance, and the impact on policing outcomes, including racial disparities. Research is needed to understand this connection and to reduce the impact of stress and trauma on outcomes.

Evaluate Wellness Programs.

Rigorous evaluations of wellness programs and policies and their impact on officer health and performance are needed. Current evidence is limited by weak evaluation design. Such research would help develop evidence-based strategies for ensuring officer health and wellness.

Citations ▸

 

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